The state’s roles in the development of cultural industries: Korean cultural industry policies from 1993 to 2021

This research examines the Korean state’s position in the development of its cultural industries. In contrast to doctrines of neoliberal globalization that demand that the state minimize its presence in industrial development and emphasize the market’s management of cultural products, the state maintains its position in the cultural industries as their products are effective tools for the state to govern the population and exert influence overseas. Despite pressures from major market players, many states have reconfigured their roles and positions in cultural industries as major stakeholders. Based on interviews with policymakers and cultural workers and analysis of policy documents, this study finds that the Korean state has been an important stakeholder in developing the cultural industries. In collaboration with the nation’s leading conglomerates, it played significant roles in developing cultural businesses. Depending on each administration’s political inclination and economic conditions, it has employed both neoliberal measures and state-interventionist methods to make cultural businesses competitive in the global market—from establishing a mega-size public organization that provided direct supports for every stage of cultural production to entrusting market players to manage the state’s budget for supporting cultural businesses. This reflects the legacies of the Korean developmental state in which the state mobilizes and allocates resources to develop the economy. The Korean state continues utilizing cultural products and their global popularity to accomplish its political and economic missions, from strengthening its soft power to increasing the number of exports. The state’s emphasis on the utility of cultural products provoked criticism of the approach as hyper-instrumentalist from many cultural workers, who saw such policies as characteristic of short-termism practices and as ‘window dressing’ for political and bureaucratic clout. Such an instrumentalist approach saw the government suppress creators in industries if they criticized its political agenda. The findings of this study also explore how the state continues its involvement in the cultural industries alongside the drivers of private capital and global market forces. By collaborating, managing, and even suppressing cultural production and goods, the state persists in its participation in the management of cultural industries

Analysis of one-dimensional Helmholtz equation with PML boundary

AbstractIn this paper, the linear conforming finite element method for the one-dimensional Bérenger's PML boundary is investigated and well-posedness of the given equation is discussed. Furthermore, optimal error estimates and stability in the L2 or H1-norm are derived under the assumption that h, h2ω2 and h2ω3 are sufficiently small, where h is the mesh size and ω denotes a fixed frequency. Numerical examples are presented to validate the theoretical error bounds

Advanced Quantizer Designs for FDD-Based FD-MIMO Systems Using Uniform Planar Arrays

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which utilize a large number of antennas at the base station, are expected to enhance network throughput by enabling improved multiuser MIMO techniques. To deploy many antennas in reasonable form factors, base stations are expected to employ antenna arrays in both horizontal and vertical dimensions, which is known as full-dimension (FD) MIMO. The most popular two-dimensional array is the uniform planar array (UPA), where antennas are placed in a grid pattern. To exploit the full benefit of massive MIMO in frequency division duplexing (FDD), the downlink channel state information (CSI) should be estimated, quantized, and fed back from the receiver to the transmitter. However, it is difficult to accurately quantize the channel in a computationally efficient manner due to the high dimensionality of the massive MIMO channel. In this paper, we develop both narrowband and wideband CSI quantizers for FD-MIMO taking the properties of realistic channels and the UPA into consideration. To improve quantization quality, we focus on not only quantizing dominant radio paths in the channel, but also combining the quantized beams. We also develop a hierarchical beam search approach, which scans both vertical and horizontal domains jointly with moderate computational complexity. Numerical simulations verify that the performance of the proposed quantizers is better than that of previous CSI quantization techniques.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure

Expression of CD9 and CD82 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and its prognostic significance

Introduction: papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is a well-known malignant neoplasm with good prognosis. The known prognostic factors are patient’s age, multifocality, and extrathyroidal extension. CD9 and CD82, members of the tetraspanin family, are expressed in numerous cancer cells and play many roles associated with the cellular process. Material and methods: we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of CD9 and CD82 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and analysed the clinicopathological and prognostic significance. For the retrospective analysis, we collected the cases of 553 PTMC patients who had undergone thyroidectomy. Results: The group with lymph node metastasis showed higher immunostaining intensity for CD9 than the group without metastasis (p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, high CD9 intensity (OR = 1.58 in 3+, p = 0.0025) correlated with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: We suggest CD9 as a predictive prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis in PTMC